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|00000000| 5c 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 | 7b 43 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 |\chapter|{Conditi|
|00000010| 6f 6e 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 | 20 4c 6f 6f 70 69 6e 67 |onal and| Looping|
|00000020| 20 43 6f 6e 73 74 72 75 | 63 74 73 7d 0d 0d 0d 5c | Constru|cts}...\|
|00000030| 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 69 | 6f 6e 7b 69 66 20 73 74 |subsecti|on{if st|
|00000040| 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 7d | 0d 5c 69 6e 64 65 78 7b |atement}|.\index{|
|00000050| 69 66 20 6c 6f 6f 70 7d | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |if loop}|.       |
|00000060| 20 54 68 65 20 5c 76 65 | 72 62 2b 69 66 2b 20 73 | The \ve|rb+if+ s|
|00000070| 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 | 20 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 |tatement| is very|
|00000080| 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 | 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 | similar| to the |
|00000090| 43 20 69 66 20 73 74 61 | 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 2e 20 |C if sta|tement. |
|000000a0| 0d 0d 5c 62 65 67 69 6e | 7b 72 61 69 6c 7d 0d 49 |..\begin|{rail}.I|
|000000b0| 66 3a 20 27 69 66 27 20 | 27 28 27 20 65 78 70 72 |f: 'if' |'(' expr|
|000000c0| 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 27 | 29 27 20 27 7b 27 20 28 |ession '|)' '{' (|
|000000d0| 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e | 74 20 2b 29 20 28 20 28 |statemen|t +) ( (|
|000000e0| 29 20 7c 20 27 65 6c 73 | 65 27 20 28 73 74 61 74 |) | 'els|e' (stat|
|000000f0| 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 2b 29 | 29 20 27 7d 27 3b 0d 5c |ement +)|) '}';.\|
|00000100| 65 6e 64 7b 72 61 69 6c | 7d 0d 0d 4e 6f 74 65 20 |end{rail|}..Note |
|00000110| 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 |that the| stateme|
|00000120| 6e 74 73 20 65 78 65 63 | 75 74 65 64 20 69 6e 73 |nts exec|uted ins|
|00000130| 69 64 65 20 62 6f 74 68 | 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 63 |ide both| the sec|
|00000140| 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f 64 |tions of| the bod|
|00000150| 79 20 63 61 6e 0d 69 6e | 63 6c 75 64 65 20 6f 74 |y can.in|clude ot|
|00000160| 68 65 72 20 5c 76 65 72 | 62 2b 69 66 2b 20 73 74 |her \ver|b+if+ st|
|00000170| 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 | 2c 20 61 73 20 73 68 6f |atements|, as sho|
|00000180| 77 6e 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 | 2e 0d 0d 5c 70 61 72 61 |wn below|...\para|
|00000190| 67 72 61 70 68 7b 45 78 | 61 6d 70 6c 65 7d 0d 5c |graph{Ex|ample}.\|
|000001a0| 69 6e 64 65 78 7b 65 78 | 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 6f 66 |index{ex|ample of|
|000001b0| 20 69 66 20 6c 6f 6f 70 | 7d 0d 5c 69 6e 64 65 78 | if loop|}.\index|
|000001c0| 7b 69 66 20 6c 6f 6f 70 | 21 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 |{if loop|!example|
|000001d0| 7d 0d 5c 62 65 67 69 6e | 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 |}.\begin|{verbati|
|000001e0| 6d 7d 0d 3e 20 69 66 20 | 28 31 2b 32 20 3c 3d 20 |m}.> if |(1+2 <= |
|000001f0| 34 29 0d 20 20 7b 0d 20 | 20 61 20 3d 20 36 0d 20 |4).  {. | a = 6. |
|00000200| 20 65 6c 73 65 0d 20 20 | 61 20 3d 20 2d 36 0d 20 | else.  |a = -6. |
|00000210| 20 7d 0d 20 61 20 3d 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | }. a =.|        |
|00000220| 36 0d 3e 20 69 66 20 28 | 31 2b 32 20 3c 20 33 29 |6.> if (|1+2 < 3)|
|00000230| 0d 20 20 7b 0d 20 20 61 | 20 3d 20 36 0d 20 20 65 |.  {.  a| = 6.  e|
|00000240| 6c 73 65 0d 20 20 61 20 | 3d 20 2d 36 0d 20 20 7d |lse.  a |= -6.  }|
|00000250| 0d 20 61 20 3d 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 2d 36 0d |. a =.  |     -6.|
|00000260| 3e 20 69 66 28 20 63 6c | 61 73 73 28 61 29 20 3d |> if( cl|ass(a) =|
|00000270| 3d 20 22 6e 75 6d 22 29 | 0d 20 20 7b 0d 20 20 62 |= "num")|.  {.  b|
|00000280| 20 3d 20 74 61 6e 28 61 | 29 0d 20 20 63 20 3d 20 | = tan(a|).  c = |
|00000290| 32 2b 33 2d 34 0d 20 20 | 65 6c 73 65 0d 20 20 61 |2+3-4.  |else.  a|
|000002a0| 20 3d 20 30 0d 20 20 7d | 0d 20 62 20 3d 0d 20 20 | = 0.  }|. b =.  |
|000002b0| 20 20 30 2e 32 39 31 0d | 20 63 20 3d 0d 20 20 20 |  0.291.| c =.   |
|000002c0| 20 20 20 20 20 31 0d 3e | 20 69 66 20 28 20 30 20 |     1.>| if ( 0 |
|000002d0| 29 0d 20 20 7b 0d 20 20 | 62 20 3d 20 22 20 66 61 |).  {.  |b = " fa|
|000002e0| 6c 73 65 20 22 0d 20 20 | 65 6c 73 65 20 69 66 20 |lse ".  |else if |
|000002f0| 28 63 20 3c 20 28 64 20 | 3d 20 32 29 29 20 0d 20 |(c < (d |= 2)) . |
|00000300| 20 7b 0d 20 20 65 20 3d | 20 2d 64 0d 20 20 65 6c | {.  e =| -d.  el|
|00000310| 73 65 0d 20 20 65 20 3d | 20 64 0d 20 20 7d 7d 0d |se.  e =| d.  }}.|
|00000320| 20 65 20 3d 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 2d 32 0d 5c | e =.   |    -2.\|
|00000330| 65 6e 64 7b 76 65 72 62 | 61 74 69 6d 7d 0d 0d 0d |end{verb|atim}...|
|00000340| 5c 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 7b 66 6f 72 20 |\subsect|ion{for |
|00000350| 6c 6f 6f 70 7d 0d 5c 62 | 65 67 69 6e 7b 76 65 72 |loop}.\b|egin{ver|
|00000360| 62 61 74 69 6d 7d 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 |batim}. |       T|
|00000370| 68 65 20 52 4c 61 42 20 | 66 6f 72 20 73 74 61 74 |he RLaB |for stat|
|00000380| 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 | 20 4e 4f 54 20 73 69 6d |ement is| NOT sim|
|00000390| 69 6c 61 72 20 74 6f 20 | 74 68 65 20 43 20 66 6f |ilar to |the C fo|
|000003a0| 72 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d | 65 6e 74 2e 0d 20 20 20 |r statem|ent..   |
|000003b0| 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 | 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 |     The| correct|
|000003c0| 20 75 73 61 67 65 20 69 | 73 20 62 65 73 74 20 73 | usage i|s best s|
|000003d0| 68 6f 77 6e 20 62 79 20 | 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2e |hown by |example.|
|000003e0| 2e 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 45 78 61 6d |....    |    Exam|
|000003f0| 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 3e 20 |ple:..  |      > |
|00000400| 66 6f 72 28 69 20 69 6e | 20 31 3a 34 29 20 7b 0d |for(i in| 1:4) {.|
|00000410| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 3e 20 20 20 66 6f 72 28 |        |>   for(|
|00000420| 6a 20 69 6e 20 31 3a 35 | 29 20 7b 0d 20 20 20 20 |j in 1:5|) {.    |
|00000430| 20 20 20 20 3e 20 20 20 | 20 20 6d 5b 69 3b 6a 5d |    >   |  m[i;j]|
|00000440| 20 3d 20 69 2b 6a 3b 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | = i+j;.|        |
|00000450| 3e 20 20 20 7d 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 3e 20 |>   }.  |      > |
|00000460| 7d 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 61 |}..     |   The a|
|00000470| 62 6f 76 65 20 73 68 6f | 77 73 20 61 20 6e 65 73 |bove sho|ws a nes|
|00000480| 74 65 64 20 73 65 74 20 | 6f 66 20 66 6f 72 20 73 |ted set |of for s|
|00000490| 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 | 73 2e 20 69 20 61 6e 64 |tatement|s. i and|
|000004a0| 20 6a 20 61 72 65 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 | j are. |       a|
|000004b0| 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 | 61 6c 6c 79 20 69 6e 69 |utomatic|ally ini|
|000004c0| 74 69 61 6c 69 7a 65 64 | 20 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 |tialized| to have|
|000004d0| 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 6c | 75 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 | the val|ues of t|
|000004e0| 68 65 20 76 65 63 74 6f | 72 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |he vecto|r.      |
|000004f0| 20 20 65 78 70 72 65 73 | 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 60 31 |  expres|sions `1|
|00000500| 3a 34 27 20 61 6e 64 20 | 60 31 3a 35 27 2e 20 45 |:4' and |`1:5'. E|
|00000510| 61 63 68 20 6c 6f 6f 70 | 20 70 72 6f 63 65 65 64 |ach loop| proceed|
|00000520| 73 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 | 69 20 61 6e 64 20 6a 0d |s until |i and j.|
|00000530| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 |        |have bee|
|00000540| 6e 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e | 65 64 20 65 61 63 68 20 |n assign|ed each |
|00000550| 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 69 72 |element |of their|
|00000560| 20 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 | 69 76 65 20 76 65 63 74 | respect|ive vect|
|00000570| 6f 72 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 65 78 70 72 65 |or.     |   expre|
|00000580| 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ssions..|.       |
|00000590| 20 54 68 65 20 76 65 63 | 74 6f 72 20 69 6e 20 74 | The vec|tor in t|
|000005a0| 68 65 20 66 6f 72 20 73 | 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 |he for s|tatement|
|000005b0| 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 | 61 6e 79 20 65 78 70 72 | can be |any expr|
|000005c0| 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 74 | 68 61 74 0d 20 20 20 20 |ession t|hat.    |
|000005d0| 20 20 20 20 65 76 61 6c | 75 61 74 65 73 20 74 6f |    eval|uates to|
|000005e0| 20 61 20 53 43 41 4c 41 | 52 20 6f 72 20 61 20 4d | a SCALA|R or a M|
|000005f0| 41 54 52 49 58 2e 20 49 | 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 |ATRIX. I|f the ex|
|00000600| 70 72 65 73 73 69 6f 6e | 20 65 76 61 6c 75 61 74 |pression| evaluat|
|00000610| 65 73 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 74 6f 20 61 20 |es.     |   to a |
|00000620| 53 43 41 4c 41 52 20 74 | 68 65 20 62 6f 64 79 20 |SCALAR t|he body |
|00000630| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 | 6f 72 20 73 74 61 74 65 |of the f|or state|
|00000640| 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 | 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 64 |ment is |executed|
|00000650| 20 4f 4e 43 45 2e 20 49 | 66 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | ONCE. I|f.      |
|00000660| 20 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 | 70 72 65 73 73 69 6f 6e |  the ex|pression|
|00000670| 20 65 76 61 6c 75 61 74 | 65 73 20 74 6f 20 61 6e | evaluat|es to an|
|00000680| 20 65 6d 70 74 79 2d 6d | 61 74 72 69 78 20 28 20 | empty-m|atrix ( |
|00000690| 60 5b 5d 27 20 29 2c 20 | 74 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 |`[]' ), |then the|
|000006a0| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 69 73 |.       | loop is|
|000006b0| 20 6e 6f 74 20 65 78 65 | 63 75 74 65 64 20 61 74 | not exe|cuted at|
|000006c0| 20 61 6c 6c 2e 0d 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 | all... |       T|
|000006d0| 68 65 20 66 6f 72 20 73 | 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 |he for s|tatement|
|000006e0| 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 | 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 65 20 | can be |also be |
|000006f0| 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 | 6c 6f 6f 70 20 74 68 72 |used to |loop thr|
|00000700| 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ough the|.       |
|00000710| 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 | 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 4c | element|s of a L|
|00000720| 49 53 54 2e 0d 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 45 78 |IST...  |      Ex|
|00000730| 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ample:..|        |
|00000740| 3e 20 78 6c 69 73 74 20 | 3d 20 3c 3c 20 4d 61 73 |> xlist |= << Mas|
|00000750| 73 20 3d 20 73 71 72 74 | 28 32 30 30 29 3b 20 49 |s = sqrt|(200); I|
|00000760| 6e 65 72 74 69 61 20 3d | 20 65 79 65 28 33 2c 33 |nertia =| eye(3,3|
|00000770| 29 3b 20 78 64 6f 74 20 | 3d 20 5b 31 2c 32 2c 33 |); xdot |= [1,2,3|
|00000780| 5d 20 3e 3e 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |] >>.   |        |
|00000790| 49 6e 65 72 74 69 61 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 4d 61 73 |Inertia |     Mas|
|000007a0| 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 78 64 6f 74 20 20 |s       |  xdot  |
|000007b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |       .|        |
|000007c0| 3e 20 66 6f 72 28 20 69 | 20 69 6e 20 6d 65 6d 62 |> for( i| in memb|
|000007d0| 65 72 73 28 78 6c 69 73 | 74 29 20 29 0d 20 20 20 |ers(xlis|t) ).   |
|000007e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7b | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |       {|.       |
|000007f0| 20 20 20 20 20 78 6c 69 | 73 74 2e 5b 69 5d 0d 20 |     xli|st.[i]. |
|00000800| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 7d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |        | }.     |
|00000810| 20 20 20 20 49 6e 65 72 | 74 69 61 20 3d 0d 20 20 |    Iner|tia =.  |
|00000820| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d | 61 74 72 69 78 20 63 6f |       m|atrix co|
|00000830| 6c 75 6d 6e 73 20 31 20 | 74 68 72 75 20 33 0d 20 |lumns 1 |thru 3. |
|00000840| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |        |        |
|00000850| 20 20 31 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 20 |  1     |      0 |
|00000860| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 30 0d 20 20 20 20 |        |  0.    |
|00000870| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 |        |       0|
|00000880| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 31 20 20 20 20 |        |   1    |
|00000890| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |       0|.       |
|000008a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 |        |    0   |
|000008b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |        |0       |
|000008c0| 20 20 20 20 31 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4d |    1.  |       M|
|000008d0| 61 73 73 20 3d 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ass =.  |        |
|000008e0| 20 20 20 20 20 31 34 2e | 31 34 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |     14.|14.     |
|000008f0| 20 20 20 20 78 64 6f 74 | 20 3d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |    xdot| =.     |
|00000900| 20 20 20 20 6d 61 74 72 | 69 78 20 63 6f 6c 75 6d |    matr|ix colum|
|00000910| 6e 73 20 31 20 74 68 72 | 75 20 33 0d 20 20 20 20 |ns 1 thr|u 3.    |
|00000920| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |       1|        |
|00000930| 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 |   2    |       3|
|00000940| 0d 0d 0d 5c 65 6e 64 7b | 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d |...\end{|verbatim|
|00000950| 7d 0d 0d 5c 73 75 62 73 | 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 7b 77 |}..\subs|ection{w|
|00000960| 68 69 6c 65 20 6c 6f 6f | 70 7d 0d 0d 5c 62 65 67 |hile loo|p}..\beg|
|00000970| 69 6e 7b 76 65 72 62 61 | 74 69 6d 7d 0d 20 20 20 |in{verba|tim}.   |
|00000980| 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 | 20 52 4c 61 42 20 77 68 |     The| RLaB wh|
|00000990| 69 6c 65 20 73 74 61 74 | 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 |ile stat|ement is|
|000009a0| 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 | 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 | similar| to the |
|000009b0| 43 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 | 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e |C while |statemen|
|000009c0| 74 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 45 78 61 6d |t...    |    Exam|
|000009d0| 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 3e 20 |ple:..  |      > |
|000009e0| 69 3d 31 3b 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 3e 20 77 |i=1;.   |     > w|
|000009f0| 68 69 6c 65 28 69 3c 31 | 30 29 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |hile(i<1|0).     |
|00000a00| 20 20 20 20 20 7b 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |     {. |        |
|00000a10| 20 20 20 61 5b 69 5d 20 | 3d 20 31 2e 33 2a 69 3b |   a[i] |= 1.3*i;|
|00000a20| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 69 2b 2b |.       |     i++|
|00000a30| 3b 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 7d 0d 20 20 |;.      |    }.  |
|00000a40| 20 20 20 20 20 20 3e 20 | 61 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |      > |a.      |
|00000a50| 20 20 20 61 20 3d 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |   a =. |        |
|00000a60| 6d 61 74 72 69 78 20 63 | 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 73 20 31 |matrix c|olumns 1|
|00000a70| 20 74 68 72 75 20 35 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | thru 5.|        |
|00000a80| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 31 2e 33 20 20 20 20 |        | 1.3    |
|00000a90| 20 20 20 20 20 32 2e 36 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |     2.6|        |
|00000aa0| 20 33 2e 39 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 35 2e 32 | 3.9    |     5.2|
|00000ab0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 36 2e 35 0d 20 20 20 |        | 6.5.   |
|00000ac0| 20 20 20 20 20 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d |     .  |       m|
|00000ad0| 61 74 72 69 78 20 63 6f | 6c 75 6d 6e 73 20 36 20 |atrix co|lumns 6 |
|00000ae0| 74 68 72 75 20 39 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |thru 9. |        |
|00000af0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 37 2e 38 20 20 20 20 20 |        |7.8     |
|00000b00| 20 20 20 20 39 2e 31 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 |    9.1 |       1|
|00000b10| 30 2e 34 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 31 31 2e 37 0d |0.4     |   11.7.|
|00000b20| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 77 68 69 6c 65 28 30 |.       | while(0|
|00000b30| 29 20 7b 20 22 74 68 69 | 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e |) { "thi|s will n|
|00000b40| 65 76 65 72 20 62 65 20 | 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 64 |ever be |executed|
|00000b50| 22 20 7d 0d 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 |" }..   |     If |
|00000b60| 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 64 | 69 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 |the cond|itional |
|00000b70| 65 76 61 6c 75 61 74 65 | 73 20 74 6f 20 7a 65 72 |evaluate|s to zer|
|00000b80| 6f 20 74 68 65 6e 20 74 | 68 65 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 |o then t|he loop |
|00000b90| 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 |is not. |       e|
|00000ba0| 78 65 63 75 74 65 64 2c | 20 69 66 20 69 74 20 65 |xecuted,| if it e|
|00000bb0| 76 61 6c 75 61 74 65 73 | 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 79 74 |valuates| to anyt|
|00000bc0| 68 69 6e 67 20 6f 74 68 | 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 |hing oth|er than |
|00000bd0| 7a 65 72 6f 20 69 74 20 | 77 69 6c 6c 0d 20 20 20 |zero it |will.   |
|00000be0| 20 20 20 20 20 62 65 20 | 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 64 |     be |executed|
|00000bf0| 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 74 | 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 | until t|he condi|
|00000c00| 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 | 7a 65 72 6f 2e 0d 0d 5c |tion is |zero...\|
|00000c10| 65 6e 64 7b 76 65 72 62 | 61 74 69 6d 7d 0d 0d 5c |end{verb|atim}..\|
|00000c20| 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 69 | 6f 6e 7b 62 72 65 61 6b |subsecti|on{break|
|00000c30| 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 | 6e 74 7d 0d 0d 5c 62 65 | stateme|nt}..\be|
|00000c40| 67 69 6e 7b 76 65 72 62 | 61 74 69 6d 7d 0d 20 20 |gin{verb|atim}.  |
|00000c50| 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 | 65 20 62 72 65 61 6b 20 |      Th|e break |
|00000c60| 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e | 74 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 |statemen|t functi|
|00000c70| 6f 6e 73 20 73 69 6d 69 | 6c 61 72 20 74 6f 20 74 |ons simi|lar to t|
|00000c80| 68 65 20 43 20 62 72 65 | 61 6b 2e 20 54 68 65 0d |he C bre|ak. The.|
|00000c90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 62 72 65 61 6b 20 73 74 |        |break st|
|00000ca0| 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 | 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 |atement |provides|
|00000cb0| 20 61 6e 20 65 61 72 6c | 79 20 65 78 69 74 20 66 | an earl|y exit f|
|00000cc0| 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 | 65 6e 63 6c 6f 73 69 6e |rom the |enclosin|
|00000cd0| 67 20 66 6f 72 2c 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f |g for,. |       o|
|00000ce0| 72 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 | 6c 6f 6f 70 2e 20 46 6f |r while |loop. Fo|
|00000cf0| 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c | 65 3a 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 |r exampl|e:..    |
|00000d00| 20 20 20 20 3e 20 77 68 | 69 6c 65 20 28 20 69 20 |    > wh|ile ( i |
|00000d10| 3c 20 31 30 30 20 29 20 | 7b 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |< 100 ) |{.      |
|00000d20| 20 20 3e 20 20 20 69 66 | 28 69 20 3d 3d 20 31 30 |  >   if|(i == 10|
|00000d30| 29 20 7b 20 62 72 65 61 | 6b 3b 20 7d 0d 20 20 20 |) { brea|k; }.   |
|00000d40| 20 20 20 20 20 3e 20 20 | 20 69 2b 2b 3b 0d 20 20 |     >  | i++;.  |
|00000d50| 20 20 20 20 20 20 3e 20 | 7d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |      > |}.      |
|00000d60| 20 20 3e 20 69 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 |  > i.  |       i|
|00000d70| 20 3d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | =.     |        |
|00000d80| 20 20 20 20 20 31 30 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |     10.|        |
|00000d90| 2f 2f 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 2f 2f 20 4f 52 |//.     |   // OR|
|00000da0| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 2f 2f 0d 0d 20 20 20 |.       | //..   |
|00000db0| 20 20 20 20 20 3e 20 69 | 3d 30 3b 6a 3d 30 3b 0d |     > i|=0;j=0;.|
|00000dc0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 3e 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 |        |> while |
|00000dd0| 28 69 20 3c 20 35 29 20 | 7b 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 |(i < 5) |{ while |
|00000de0| 28 6a 20 3c 20 35 29 20 | 7b 20 69 66 20 28 6a 20 |(j < 5) |{ if (j |
|00000df0| 3d 3d 20 33 29 20 7b 20 | 62 72 65 61 6b 20 7d 20 |== 3) { |break } |
|00000e00| 6a 2b 2b 3b 20 7d 20 69 | 2b 2b 3b 20 7d 20 69 20 |j++; } i|++; } i |
|00000e10| 6a 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 69 20 3d 0d |j .     |    i =.|
|00000e20| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |        |        |
|00000e30| 35 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 6a 20 3d 0d 20 |5.      |   j =. |
|00000e40| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 |        |       3|
|00000e50| 0d 5c 65 6e 64 7b 76 65 | 72 62 61 74 69 6d 7d 0d |.\end{ve|rbatim}.|
|00000e60| 0d 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 | 69 66 20 74 65 73 74 73 |.\RLaB\ |if tests|
|00000e70| 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 | 61 63 63 65 70 74 20 6d | do not |accept m|
|00000e80| 61 74 72 69 63 65 73 2e | 20 54 68 65 20 5c 76 65 |atrices.| The \ve|
|00000e90| 72 62 2b 61 6e 79 28 29 | 2b 20 61 6e 64 0d 5c 76 |rb+any()|+ and.\v|
|00000ea0| 65 72 62 2b 61 6c 6c 28 | 29 2b 20 66 75 6e 63 74 |erb+all(|)+ funct|
|00000eb0| 69 6f 6e 73 20 63 61 6e | 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 |ions can| be used|
|00000ec0| 20 69 6e 20 63 6f 6d 62 | 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 | in comb|ination |
|00000ed0| 77 69 74 68 20 72 65 6c | 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 0d |with rel|ational.|
|00000ee0| 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 67 69 | 63 61 6c 20 74 65 73 74 |and logi|cal test|
|00000ef0| 73 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e | 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c |s to con|ditional|
|00000f00| 6c 79 20 65 78 65 63 75 | 74 65 20 73 74 61 74 65 |ly execu|te state|
|00000f10| 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 62 61 | 73 65 64 20 75 70 6f 6e |ments ba|sed upon|
|00000f20| 0d 6d 61 74 72 69 78 20 | 70 72 6f 70 65 72 74 69 |.matrix |properti|
|00000f30| 65 73 2e 20 0d 0d 54 68 | 65 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 |es. ..Th|e functi|
|00000f40| 6f 6e 20 5c 76 65 72 62 | 2b 61 6e 79 28 29 2b 20 |on \verb|+any()+ |
|00000f50| 28 53 65 65 20 70 61 67 | 65 7e 5c 70 61 67 65 72 |(See pag|e~\pager|
|00000f60| 65 66 7b 66 6e 3a 61 6e | 79 7d 20 72 65 74 75 72 |ef{fn:an|y} retur|
|00000f70| 6e 73 20 24 31 24 20 69 | 66 0d 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 |ns $1$ i|f.any of|
|00000f80| 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 | 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 | the ele|ments of|
|00000f90| 20 69 74 73 20 61 72 67 | 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 61 72 | its arg|ument ar|
|00000fa0| 65 20 6e 6f 6e 2d 7a 65 | 72 6f 2e 20 54 68 65 20 |e non-ze|ro. The |
|00000fb0| 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e | 0d 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 61 |function|.\verb+a|
|00000fc0| 6c 6c 28 29 2b 20 28 53 | 65 65 20 70 61 67 65 7e |ll()+ (S|ee page~|
|00000fd0| 5c 70 61 67 65 72 65 66 | 7b 66 6e 3a 61 6c 6c 7d |\pageref|{fn:all}|
|00000fe0| 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 73 | 20 24 31 24 0d 69 66 20 | returns| $1$.if |
|00000ff0| 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 |all of t|he eleme|
|00001000| 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 69 | 74 27 73 20 61 72 67 75 |nts of i|t's argu|
|00001010| 6d 65 6e 74 20 61 72 65 | 20 6e 6f 6e 2d 7a 65 72 |ment are| non-zer|
|00001020| 6f 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 | 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 61 6e |o.  The |\verb+an|
|00001030| 79 28 29 2b 0d 66 75 6e | 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 |y()+.fun|ction is|
|00001040| 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 63 | 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 6f 6e | often c|alled on|
|00001050| 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 | 75 6c 74 20 6f 66 20 61 | the res|ult of a|
|00001060| 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 5c | 76 65 72 62 2b 61 6e 79 |nother \|verb+any|
|00001070| 28 29 2b 20 63 61 6c 6c | 0d 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 |()+ call|.because|
|00001080| 20 74 68 65 20 5c 76 65 | 72 62 2b 61 6e 79 28 29 | the \ve|rb+any()|
|00001090| 2b 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 72 65 74 75 72 |+ functi|on retur|
|000010a0| 6e 73 20 61 20 76 65 63 | 74 6f 72 20 77 68 65 6e |ns a vec|tor when|
|000010b0| 20 70 61 73 73 65 64 0d | 61 20 6d 61 74 72 69 78 | passed.|a matrix|
|000010c0| 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 | 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 6c 72 | that is| not alr|
|000010d0| 65 61 64 79 20 61 20 76 | 65 63 74 6f 72 2e 20 20 |eady a v|ector.  |
|000010e0| 0d 0d                   |                         |..      |        |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+